(1)hunningfanyingchuzhi:  

    yuanshuijingdashuibengfangjinshenghou，qishoudianmohunninggongyichuzhi，ji: yuanshui + shuichuzhiji → jiaza → fanying → fanhuashui； 

    ziyaojiyushuipingjunjiazaqizhidaodakelixuningtigouchengweizhi，quanshuchenghunningjincheng。jingchangliyongdeshuichuzhijiyoujuhelvhualv、liusuanlv、sanlvhuatiedeng。shantoushiliyongdeshijianshilvhualv。anzhaolvyuansudehuaxuexingzikezhi，touruyaojihoushuizhongcunzaidianlichulaidelvlizi，tayushuifenzicunzaiyixiadekenifanying:

    al3 + 3h2o ←→ al(oh)3 + 3h+；

    qingyanghualvjubeixifuganhua，kebashuizhongbuyijidiandejiaolijimiaoxiaoxuanfuwutuowen、bicijujie，zaibeixifujiaqiao，congergouchengjiaodadexuli，yiliyucongshuipingfenli、chenjiangshangqu。jiazajinchengqingqiuzaijiayaohouminjieshixian。jiazademubiaoshijingyoujinchengshuili、jiqidemengliejiaoban，shiyaojiminjiepingjundisanyushuizhong。

    jinghunningfanyingchuzhiguodeshuijingyoujinchengdaoguanliurujidianchi，jinruqingshuidierjieduan。

    (2)jidianchuzhi:

    hunningjieduangouchengdexuzhuangtiyituozhongliganhuacongshuipingfenlichulaidejinchengchengweijidian，zheigejinchengzaijidianchizhongtingzhi。shuiliurujidianquhou，yanshuiququanshujiemiantingzhifenpai，jinrujidianqu，erhouchihuandiliuxiangchukouqu。shuizhongdekelichenyuchidi，wunibushijujibingxishi，anqipaijichiwai。

    (3)guolvchuzhi:  

    guolvputongshizhiyishiyingshadengyoukongdidelizhuanglvliaocengjingyoujinchengnianfuganhuakouliushuizhongxuanfukeli，congerjinyibuchechushuizhongmiaoxiaoxuanfuzazhi、wujiwu、xijun、bingdudeng，shishuikuoqingdejincheng。

    (4)lvhouxiaoduchuzhi:

    shuidianmolvhou，zhuodujinyibuxiajiang，tongshiyishicanliuxijun、bingdudengluokonghunzhuowuyanhuhuopingjie，weilvhouxiaodudizaojiechuqianti。xiaodubingfeibaweishengwuquanshufumie，zhiqingqiufumiezhibingweishengwu。guranshuijinghunning、jidianheguolv，nenggouchechudadadouxijunhebingdu，danxiaoduzeqilebaozhangyinyongdaodayinyongshuixijunxuemubiaodeganhua，tongshitashidouhuishuiguanmoshaojianchibiranyulvliang，yijiezhixijunzishengqiefangbeijinghua。xiaodudejialvliang(yelv)zai1.0-2.5g/m3zhijian。shouyaoshijingyoujinchenglvyushuifanyingtianshengdecilvsuanzaixijunwaibuqiyanghuaganhua，fensuixijundemeitixiershixijunmiewang。xiaoduhoudeshuiyouqingchitangjingsongshuibengfangjinshengdaodabirandeshuiya，zaijingyoujinchengshu、peishuiguanwangsongjiqianjiawanhu。